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Archaeopteryx - The Berlin Specimen
The Berlin Specimen
1877
Archaeopteryx - The London Specimen
The London Specimen
1861
Archaeopteryx
a.k.a. archaeopteryx, Archaeopteryx lithographica

extinct primitive toothed bird of the Upper Jurassic period of Europe having a long feathered tail and hollow bones; usually considered the most primitive of all birds

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FAQs
 
Paleogeographic Globes
 
Archaeoraptor
wishbone
shorebird
size of crow
eater of fish
stereoscopic vision
swimmer
sharp hand claws
climber
reptile-bird
wings
feathers
perching foot
scaled snout
teeth

Pronounced
ark-ee-OP-ter-icks
är-kE-'äp-t&-riks

Sound File
AHR-kee-OP-ter-iks

Definitions
Eva WordNet 1.6
Dictionary.com
Merriam-Webster
Lexical FreeNet
OneLook

Map :  Germany - Solnhofen
Solnhofen, Germany
map from
Global Gazetteer Version 2.1
NOTE: includes latitudes & longitudes
Fossil Range

All archaeopteryx fossils were unearthed from lithographic limestone quarries of Bavaria, Germany, within a 516 square-mile area also referred to as the Solnhofen Plattenkalk.

This limestone was formed on the bottom of a hypersaline lagoon in the Late Jurassic Period about 150 million years ago.

Range Maps & Readings
* Environment : Daniel Bensen ... Archaeopteryx's environment was a large group of semiarid islands on the northern shoar of the Tethys Sea, in what will one day be Europe ... [404?:20011130]
* Range Map : Peter Wellnhofer ... details when and where each specimen of Archaeopteryx was found.

* Solnhofen Formation : Hartmut Haubold ... Stratigraphically, the Solnhofen Formation has been assigned to the lower part of the Lower Tithonian. Its occurrence is restricted to the Southern Franconian Alb of Bavaria.
[404?:20051024]
* The Solnhofen Limestone of Germany ... from UCMP-Berkeley [includes general maps & summary].   Also available - MAP: Jurassic Period Localities.
* Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone ... about the lagoonal environment ... FIG: artists rendition of the Solnhofen Lagoon ... MAP: estimated position of land & oceans during the Jurassic ... IMAGE: The Solnhofen Lagoon ... what it may have looked like
* Archaeopteryx and the Solnhofen Lagoon ... discussions about lagoonal characteristics
* Buried in Limestone ... brief summary
* Solnhofer Limestone: Technical Details

PHOTO: Outcrop at Solnhofen of the Plattenkalk, Paul Olsen
PHOTO: Limesteone quarry near Solnhofen, Germany, Elaine Kennedy
MAP: Germany: Langenaltheim, Solnhofen, Workerszell, Eichstatt

Map : Mapquest : Germany - Bavaria - Langenaltheim Solnhofen Workerszell Eichstatt
MapQuest: Interactive Map; search by Latitude/Longitude

Archaeopteryx: A Prehistoric Bird from a Prehistoric World
- compiled by
dailyTangents

Compilation of online resources which include FAQs, maps, fossils, descriptions, definitions, images, readings, photos, locational history, evolution, taphonomy, articles, references, searches, artistic renditions, models, animations, skeletal designs, collections, and more!

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A B O U T       T H E       F O S S I L S

The 8 fossil casts of Archaeopteryx
Details & Images

Cast Date
Found  
Date Described Location Found *Comments &
CL: Current Location
Feather* 1860 1861 - H. von Meyer near Solnhofen * Secondary Flight
CL:
London 1861 1863 - R. Owen near Langenaltheim CL: The Natural History Museum, London, England
Berlin 1877* 1884 - W. Dames near Blumenberg (Eichstatt) *Year also noted as 1876
CL: Humbolt Museum, Berlin, Germany
Maxburg 1956* 1959 - Heller near Langenaltheim *Year also noted as 1958
CL: unknown
Haarlem/
Teyler
1855 1857 - H. von Meyer*
1970 - J. Ostrom
near Riedenburg *Classified specimen as Pterodactylus crassipes
CL: Teyler Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands
Eichstatt 1951 1974 - P. Wellnhofer near Workerszell CL: Jura Museum, Eichstatt, Germany
Solnhofen 1960's   1988 - P. Wellnhofer near Eichstatt CL: Burgermeister Muller Museum, Solnhofen, Germany
Solnhofer
Aktien-Verein
1992 1993 - P. Wellnhofer   near Langenaltheim *A. bavarica ... this specimen was for sale
CL: Munich
Resources
* Specimen Locational History ... by Dr. P. Wellnhofer. [404?:20011130]   IMAGES: A. bavarica restoration & reconstruction, skeletal details, jaws & teeth. For more images see also The Archaeopteryx Offer   [404?:20011130]
* Senckenberg Natural History Museum (Naturmuseum Senckenberg) ... { cast images and details for Archaeopteryx specimens found in: 1860, 1861, 1877, 1956, 1855, 1951, 1992 } [404?:20051026]
* Archaeopteryx a forgery? Again? ... by Andrew MacRae.   A closer look at the London & Berlin specimens. NOTE: free archaeopteryx images are available here.
* A New Reptile by Andreas Wagner, 1861 ... the first description of archaeopteryx
* Resin Cast Copies, images, history, descriptions, and details
* DINODATA EuroDino Archaeopteryx ... EuroDino Database Project ... fossil location, museum info, orignal/replica status, and data

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R E L A T E D       R E S O U R C E S

* The Archaeopteryx Sourcebook ... by Ilja Nieuwland, Geschiedenis.     A collection of primary historical material relating to Archaeopteryx and its study. Contents include Archaeopteryx History, 1860-1984 [The Origin of birds, Palaeontology, and the Reception of Evolution], and articles by Hermann von Meyer, 1861, Andreas Wagner, 1861 and Ferenc Nopcsa Remarks to Petronievics' Work, 1926.
* Chapter 14: The Evolution of Flight ... maintained by Richard Cowen as part of History of Life, 3rd. Edition.
Dinosauria.com

Search Dinosauria On-Line

Sound File: AHR-kee-OP-ter-iks
Gr. arkhaios "ancient"
Gr. pteryx "wing, feather"

Source: Aves Translation & Pronunciation Guide ... Also included are historical fossil specimen descriptions and background discussion information.

Archaeopteryx, Ancient Birds, & Dinosaur-Bird Relationships as part of Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology ... A compendium of essays, articles, reports, editorials, and discussions relating to Archaeopteryx


The Evolution of Flight
by
J.R. Hutchinson
UC Museum of Paleontology
Archie
The skeletal taphonomy of Archaeopteryx
by
Richard Kemp

University of Bristol
Earth Sciences

figures, maps & illustrations
taphonomic modifications   digital crossover   regional drift

Flying Dinosaurs : Archaeopteryx

is this bird a fraud?
by
Christopher Majka

Archaeopteryx
from
EnchantedLearning.com

See also
Extinct birds,
Feathered Dinosaurs
&
Dinosaurs in the News
taphonomy
"...that area of paleontological research that defines, describes, and systematizes the nature and effects of processes that act on organic remains after death"
- Gifford 1981:366
from
Hiscock, 1985
The Dino-Bird Link
by
Yann Ollivier

See also
Relationships,
The Feathered Dinosaurs
&
The Origin of Flight

 
The Archaeopteryx FAQs
talk.origins archive

On Archaeopteryx, Astronomers, & Forgery
by Chris Nedin
[15 dec 1997]

Introduction, Watkins et al. Opening Statements, The Main Claims and Evidence, For and Against, Why?, The Saga Continues, Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References

All about Archaeopteryx
by Chris Nedin
[15 jan 1999]

FAQ which includes introduction, fossil specimen history & details, related avian and reptilian feature types with table contrasting dinosaurs to birds, cranial features, pelvis schematics, flight - feathers, wing, shoulder, muscle, ancestry, Protoavis, Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References

The Challenge of the Fossil Record
by Chris Nedin
[08 oct 1996]

A examination of transitional forms.

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Search on Archaeopteryx ... ProFusion ... Dinosaur mailing-list archives ... Talk.Origins archive ... ScienceDaily ... ABCnews.com

More References
* Archaeopteryx by J. Ostrom ... from Discovery, May 1975 provided by S. Hagedorn.
* Archaeopteryx's Relationship With Modern Birds ... a detailed summary by Thomas Holtz, Jr. [revised 6 Jan 1996]
* Genus Archaeopteryx ... a species list.
[error 404:20011130]   Source: Master Dinosaur List compiled by Stanley Friesen. [error 404:20011130]

Some Articles
* Discovery of Feathered Dinosaurs ... by Elizabeth Chapman [23-jun-1998]
* Claims that Archaeopteryx is a Fraud ... by Don Lindsay [10 jan 1998]

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A R T I S T I C   R E N D I T I O N S

Photos   Images   Models   Animation
Paper Dinosaurs 1824-1969 ... from the Linda Hall Library
Archaeopteryx: photographs & illustrations of lithographic plates
About the photography
The London Specimen ... Owens 1863   O-FS   O-detailed   O-detailed - FS
The Berlin Specimen ... Vogt 1880   V-FS   Seeley 1881   S-FS
FS = Full Size
f i l m   &   a n i m a t i o n s
* Animated flight ... from ABC News Science
a r t i s t i c       r e n d i t i o n s
* Parents Feeding Young ... graphics by Betty Cunningham
* Archaeopteryx ... by Joe Tucciarone.   Acrylic on Illustration Board, 1997
* One Foot Forward ... by M Shiraishi, 1999.
* A Day at the Beach ... a painting of Archaeopteryx confronting Pterodactylus by Gregory S. Paul, 1997
[error 404:20011130]
 
* Archaeopteryx bavarica ... a color illustration by Daniel Bensen [error 404:20011130]
* Archaeopteryx lithographica ... 4 original illustrations by Daniel Bensen [error 404:20011130]
 
* Archaeopteryx ... colored drawing and text presented by Brian Wigginton for WebDoGS
* Archaeopteryx - in Black & White ... by Ken Raines (after a drawing by John Mcloughlin in Archosaria, 1979)
* Portraits by Wenzel ... Balat, Munich.   See also Skeletal Reconstruction & Lower Jaw Bone ... [error 404:20011201]
 
* Taking Off from a Branch ... from José Casiano
* Archaeopteryx in B/W ... by Yann Ollivier
* In Flight by REMedia, 1998 ... from the Natural History Museum of LA County. See also Perching [REMedia]
 
* Hypothetical Dinobird ... acrylics & inks on cardboard by Luis Rey
 
* Achaeopteryx ... black/while illustration by Michael Rothman
 
* Skeletal Comparisons between Archaeopteryx, Coelosaur, and a modern bird ... b/w illustration provided by S.M. Carr
 
* Avian Skeletal Design and the Evolution of Flight ... b/w illustration hosted by Bellarmine Univ. Biology Dept.   Also available: Archaeopteryx color rendition & cast
 
* Archaeopteryx Cast, Smithsonian Museum, Washington, DC, James Amos/Corbis - illustration
m o d e l s
* Lifelike Reconstruction ... created by Greg Septon at The Milwaukee Public Museum and hosted by NetPets
* Archaeopteryx Model by JK Ingham ... at the Hunterian Museum - U. of Glasgow
* Lifelike Exhibit
[Error 404: 21-mar-2001] ... from The Field Museum, Chicago
* Life-size Model ... by Staab Studios
c a s t s
* The Berlin Cast ... from Columbia University - Lecture 9
* The Berlin Cast ... from talkorigins.org
* The Berlin Cast ... from UCMP-Berkeley
* The Berlin Cast ... from NHM-Los Angelos
c o l l e c t i o n s
* The Natural History Museum   ...   London, England
Search the Picture Library for Archaeopteryx
12 Results:   7 cast & plate photos [6 London, 1 Berlin]   ...   2 models   ...   3 artists [M. Long, De Agostini, & J. Sibbick]   ...   About the photography
g e n e r a l
* Dinosaur Illustrations ... index of links to dinosaur and other prehistoric art compiled by David Goldman. Includes annotated guide to post dinosaur prehistoric illustrations.
 

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The Berlin Specimen - 1877
archaeopteryx image - figure 703. H.V. Meyer
Archaeopteryx lithographica (Meyer, 1861)
The Berlin Specimen - Illustration by H. v. Meyer
provided by Andrew MacRae

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